Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8

This is the eighth in the series of books from the international Stormwater and Water Quality Management Modeling Conferences, held annually in Toronto. Twenty-one chapters (listed below) from the 1999 conference are presented, all peer-reviewed for relevance and clarity. The 464 page book is presented in a beautiful glossy hardcover, complete with index and glossary.

James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206

Contents

1. Infiltration through Disturbed Urban Soil
2. Towards Smart, Benign Urban Water Infrastructure
3. Parallel Processing Enhancement to SWMM/EXTRAN
4. Software Engineering Issues in the Design of an upwardly complex water network analysis program
5. Numerical Techniques for Overland Flow from Pavement
6. A Laboratory Rig for Testing Runoff from Paved Surfaces
7. AM/FM/GIS Applications for Stormwater Systems
8. Wavelet Techniques for Analysis and Synthesis of Rainfall Data
9. On Automatic Calibration of the SWMM Model
   Real Time Flow Prediction using Fuzzy Logic Models
10. Environmental Modeling of a Claypan Watershed using HSPF
11. Stormwater Two-Ramp Drop Structures
12. Software for the Hydraulic Design of Underground Stormwater
13. Characterization of Urban Runoff Quality: a Toronto Case Study
14. Twelve Towns Retention Treatment Facility System Modeling
15. Hydrodynamic Modeling of a Stormwater Pond for Optimal Sizing and Effectiveness
16. SWMM Storage-Treatment for Analysis/Design of Extended-Detention Ponds
17. Feasibility of a Permeable Pavement Option in SWMM
18. Incorporation and Testing of Revised Algorithms for the  Aquatic Plant Growth Model, ECOL
19. Connecting Pipes and Plants: Concurrent Simulation of a Collection System and Wastewater Treatment Plant
20. Update on EPA’s Urban Watershed Management Branch Modeling Activities
    

Abstracts

Infiltration Through Disturbed Urban Soils 
Robert Pitt and Janice Lantrip
Reference Data:
Chapter 1 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 1-22
ABSTRACT
Prior research by Pitt (1987) examined runoff losses from paved and roofed surfaces in urban areas and showed significant losses at these surfaces during the small and moderate sized events of most interest for water quality evaluations. However, Pitt and Durrans (1995) also examined runoff and pavement seepage on highway pavements and found that very little surface runoff entered typical highway pavement. During earlier research, it was also found that disturbed urban soils do not behave as indicated by stormwater models. When modeling runoff from most urban soils, it may be best to assume relatively constant infiltration rates throughout an event, and to utilize Monte Carlo procedures to describe the observed random variations about the predicted mean value.

Towards Smart, Benign Urban Water Infrastructure
 William James
  Reference Data:
Chapter 2 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999.
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 23-44
ABSTRACT
This chapter advances ideas for reducing the unsustainability of infrastructure, in the belief that true sustainability of water systems of large cities is unfortunately implausible. Our drinking water, wastewater, and storm water infrastructure ("infrastructure") is truly complex and requires constant and expensive repair and monitoring. Such investments warrant good information systems. In the future, infrastructure information systems will integrate sensors with GIS data systems and water management models. Future water systems will be smarter, having intelligence distributed throughout the network. Such intelligence could eventually be continuously available on line to all categories of users of the web, with the water network performance information displayed at a complexity optimized to suit the user. Physical sizes of future infrastructure will depend more on the requirements of autonomous robots, the collection, transmission and processing of intelligence relating to the network performance, and evolving synthetic pipeline materials and multi-service cable-pipes. Use of local recycling and pressure sewers will permit downsizing of infrastructure.
Four controversial issues are presented:

1. For less unsustainability of urban, suburban and rural communities, future systems will become less dependent on non-renewable energy. Energy economy is derived from recycling water as locally as possible.

2. New sanitary collection systems for treating human liquid and solid wastes separately will substantially reduce ecosystem impacts.

3. Even better for ecosystems will be the gradual change of general diet (this impact is not immediately obvious).

4. Logically, a consequence of the pursuit of reduced unsustainability is that the size of the human and its domestic animal populations and their associated water demand and concomitant waste load will have to be managed.
   

Parallel Processing Enhancement to SWMM/EXTRAN
 Edward H. Burgess, William R.Magro, Michael A. Clement,
Charles I. Moore, and James T. Smullen
 Reference Data:
Chapter 3 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999.
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 45-60
ABSTRACT
Modifications have been made to the FORTRAN source code of the EXTRAN block of SWMM, which enable the model to take advantage of parallel processors for faster program execution during runtime. These modifications have been made to the program code which performs the explicit (Modified Euler) solution of the St. Venant equations for computation of flow and head within the modeled drainage network. The code changes are designed to support use of OpenMP parallel processing directives when the code is compiled using specialized parallel processing compiler. Code changes were verified for correct parallelization and model output confirmed by testing against output produced with the serial (unmodified) version of the same source code. Model output and runtimes were characterized for two relatively large model networks (386 and 772 conduits) by executing the serial and parallelized code on the same hardware (Windows??NT workstation running dual Pentium? 200 MHz microprocessors). Runtime reductions on the order of 30-37% were found for the parallelized code on this commonly available dual processor system. The modified code and OpenMP support an unlimited number of parallel processors, and greater runtime reductions are expected for more highly parallel systems (e.g. those with four or more processors).

Software Engineering Issues in the Design of an Upwardly-Complex Water Network Analysis Program
 Lyes Khezzar, Saad Harous and Mohamed Benayoune.
 Reference Data:
Chapter 4 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999.
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 61-76
ABSTRACT
Building a computer program for the steady state simulation of water distribution networks using state-of-the-art techniques and graphical user interfaces (GUI) involves the interaction of several disciplines and mobilization of appropriate resources. This chapter reports on the experience of building such software. The mathematical model is described and the use of graph theory tools in the description of networks together with an algorithm for the treatment of Pressure Reducing Valves have been highlighted. The GUI organization and CASE tools used are described. During testing of the program, lack of benchmark data has been recognized together with the major sources of uncertainties and it is imperative that benchmarks should be developed. The factors that influence quality assurance during the crucial phase of software development have also been identified and discussed in the light of the present experience. Although similar commercial packages do exist, this software will be used as a platform for future extensions to include: extended period simulation; explicit determination of network parameters; and the capability to simulate unsteady conditions.

Numerical Techniques for Overland Flow from Pavement
William James and Stuart C. Wylie
 Reference Data:
Chapter 5 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999.
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 77-112
ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the fundamental processes of flow over pavement, and how they may be solved numerically. The discussion reveals additionally, a flow in the recession curve over and above that normally considered. This additional flow is similar to the anomalous pip and called the anomalous hump.

A Laboratory Rig for Testing Runoff from Paved Surfaces
 William James, Stuart C. Wylie, and Robert C. Johanson
 Reference Data:
Chapter 6 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999.
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 113-132
ABSTRACT
When a process is too complex for rigorous mathematical formulation, and simplifying assumptions are introduced for its solution, experimental verification is required, or the approximate numerical model cannot be said to represent the process. Numerical solution of the dynamic wave equations for flow over pavement is such a case. This chapter describes a laboratory rig used to test the numerical procedures and the initial storage theory developed for overland flow. The experiments were conducted in the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of Natal in Durban. Laboratory conditions were stringently controlled.

AM/FM/GIS Applications for Stormwater Systems
 Uzair M. Shamsi and Bruce A. Fletcher
 Reference Data:
Chapter 7 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999.
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 123-140
ABSTRACT
This chapter presents an overview of the automated mapping/facilities management/geographic information system (AM/FM/GIS) capabilities and applications for the management of stormwater systems. Created by integrating GIS and AM/FM systems, AM/FM/GIS systems represent a new trend in the stormwater utility industry. A review of popular AM/FM/GIS software is presented. AM/FM/GIS database development procedures and examples are given. A list of typical stormwater database attributes is provided. Six case studies are presented to illustrate the application of AM/FM/GIS technology for stormwater systems.

Wavelet Techniques for the Analysis and Synthesis of Rainfall Data
 Andrew M.C. Chan
 Reference Data:
Chapter 8 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999.
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 141-162
ABSTRACT
This chapter presents a relatively new time series analysis tool called wavelet analysis. The limited availability of fine time step rainfall data for use in long-term continuous modeling could be alleviated by synthetically generating rainfall data of fine time step increments from temporally coarse rainfall data. This study explores the spectral behaviour of rainfall of various temporal resolutions for dominant periodicities and presents a simple method of generating credible rainfall data that combines the approaches of stochastic modeling with a disaggregation goal. In other words, the goal is to get better temporal resolution rainfall data from existing data. Large- and small-scale periodic components are identified in the daily, hourly, and tipping bucket time-between-tips data for the City of Edmonton. A method of generating the desired rainfall data series is explained using the spectral behaviour of the rainfall data available. The desired rainfall data series would retain the record length of the most temporally coarse data (typically the longest period of record) and would have the desired fine time steps. The large-scale periodic components were extracted from three years of daily rainfall data and the small-scale components were extracted from one year of tipping bucket time-between-tips rainfall data for use in generating the synthetic rainfall data. The total rainfall volumes of the generated data compared well with observed values but tended to produce lower rainfall intensities and longer rainfall durations per event.

On Automatic Calibration of the SWMM Model
 Van-Thanh-Van Nguyen, Hamed Javaheri and Shie-Yui Liong
 Reference Data:
Chapter 9 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999.
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 163-174
ABSTRACT
Conceptual urban runoff (CUR) models, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Storm Water Management Model (Huber and Dickinson, 1988), or SWMM, are commonly used for planning and design of urban drainage systems. These models require usually a large number of variables and parameters in order to describe adequately the complex relationships between rainfall, runoff and watershed characteristics. This requirement has frequently become a barrier to the use of these models because of the difficulties involved in the estimation of all the model parameters. More specifically, the successful application of conceptual runoff models depends on how accurate the model is calibrated. However, the calibration of these models has been recognized as a complex and difficult task because of the presence of multiple optimal solutions encountered in the calibration. The main objective of the present study is to propose an automatic calibration scheme for CUR models using an appropriate optimization technique. Two optimization methods were selected: the Downhill Simplex (DHS) method, and the Shuffled Complex Evolution (SCE). The proposed automatic calibration procedures were applied to the SWMM model. Two different scenarios were considered using "error-free" synthetic data, and using observed data available on the Upper Bukit Timah catchment in Singapore. Results of this study have indicated that, for the SWMM model, there are many local optima within a given feasible parameter range, and hence the use of the DHS local optimization technique would not be appropriate. In such cases, the calibration problem should be treated as a global optimization one. More specifically, it has been shown that the proposed SCE-based calibration scheme was able to provide consistent parameter estimates for the SWMM model.

Real Time Flow Prediction using Fuzzy Logic Models
 Aschalew Debebe and Willy Bauwens
 Reference Data:
Chapter 10 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999.
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 175-182
ABSTRACT
Models to predict flows in different parts of an urban catchment are developed using so-called Fuzzy Logic in combination with artificial neural networks. These models are developed to be used as part of a real time control system so that flows at various horizons can be computed and used as inputs to the controller. These models showed excellent performance both in their accuracy and execution time and proved to be very helpful in supplying the necessary forecasts for the real time controller. Another advantage of such models is that they can be developed in a relatively short time.

Environmental Modeling of a Claypan Watershed using HSPF
 Menghua Wang, J. Obiukwu Duru, Allen T. Hjelmfelt, Jr., Fessehaie Ghidey and Allen Thompson
 Reference Data:
Chapter 11 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999.
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 183-190
ABSTRACT
The Hydrological Simulation Program – FORTRAN (HSPF) is a comprehensive, continuous model designed to simulate watershed hydrology and water quality. Its performance in simulating surface runoff, sediment, and pesticide loss from Goodwater Creek, a 72.8 km2 (28 mi2) USDA agricultural research watershed, was evaluated. The watershed is located in Central Missouri in the Central Claypan Major Land Resource Area (MLRA 113) and has a nearly level to gently sloping surface. The low permeability of the claypan layer coupled with the nearly level slope causes unique hydrologic problems. In this evaluation, most of the model parameters related to hydrology, sediment, and pesticide transport were carefully selected from previous studies. Some of the model parameters were directly calculated and others were calibrated, based on the detailed field data on hydrology, water quality, and field operations - such as cultivation and chemical application - from a 36 ha (89 ac) research field within the Goodwater Creek watershed. For accurately simulating watershed responses, field activities were considered by using the SPEC-ACTION block in HSPF. The calibration revealed that some model parameters, most notably infiltration index, take numerical values outside recommended ranges in order to define the claypan watershed behavior accurately. With a proper calibration, however, the HSPF model simulated runoff, sediment yield, and chemical loss from the Goodwater Creek watershed well.

Stormwater Two-Ramp Drop Structures
 Subhash C. Jain
 Reference Data:
Chapter 12 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999.
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 191-202
ABSTRACT
The chapter summarizes the hydraulic characteristics of the latest type of drop structure - two-ramp drop structure - used for diverting flows from near-surface storm-sewer systems to underground storage tunnels. A series of physical model studies were conducted. This drop structure can be constructed by a tunneling technique that can be more suitable in urban areas where an open-cut construction may be expensive and infeasible.

Software for the Hydraulic Design of Underground Stormwater Detention Tanks
 Shane Finlay
 Reference Data:
Chapter 13 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999.
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 203-224
ABSTRACT
The quantitative and qualitative impacts of stormwater runoff have become a key issue in urban development design. Traditional methods of addressing the quantitative impacts of increased peak flows and increased runoff volumes, through stormwater detention/retention, have used above ground structures such as stormwater management ponds. Insufficient space, high land values, topography, maintenance, aesthetics and liability issues are reasons why underground detention is being considered more frequently.
This chapter presents the development of a computer program for designing underground stormwater detention tanks. The program was developed by the Corrugated Steel Pipe Institute (CSPI) as a tool to simplify the hydraulic design of corrugated steel pipe (CSP) detention tanks.
The program has four main functions:

The design methodology is the same as that used to design above ground systems, tailored to underground tanks. Two design examples are presented.

Characterization of Urban Runoff Quality: A Toronto Case Study
 Pradeep Kumar Behera, James Y. Li and Barry J. Adams
 Reference Data:
Chapter 14 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999.
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 225-248
ABSTRACT
This chapter presents an overview of the characterization of urban runoff quality constituents. Characterization includes descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, frequency analysis and regression analysis of event mean concentrations of various quality constituents from separated and combined sewer catchments. Emphasis is placed on the procedures required to determine not only summary statistics but also complete descriptions in the form of probability density functions. Metropolitan Toronto runoff quality databases are used to illustrate these procedures. The event mean concentrations of fifteen quality constituents representing chemical and bacteriological pollutants, nutrients and heavy metals were studied. Three probability distributions (exponential, gamma and lognormal) were fitted to the data and goodness-of-fit was assessed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. In many studies, the lognormal probability distribution has been assumed to describe the runoff quality constituents. However, in this study, in addition to the lognormal distribution, it is observed that gamma and exponential probability distributions can also adequately describe runoff quality constituents.

Twelve Towns Retention Treatment Facility System Modeling
Douglas Buchholz, Hala Baroudi, Kenneth G. Schrock and Keith McCormack
 Reference Data:
Chapter 15 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999.
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 249-262
ABSTRACT
The Retention Treatment Facility (RTF) for the Twelve Towns Drainage District of the Southeastern Oakland County Sewage Disposal System (SOCSDS) in Michigan is authorized to discharge treated combined sewer overflow (CSO) to the Red Run Drain through a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit. In an effort to comply with the requirements of the Federal Clean Water Act (PL 92-500 of 1972), Oakland County needed to evaluate the performance of the RTF and determine any necessary improvements to achieve that compliance.
A computer model was developed to assess the performance of the RTF and evaluate alternatives to comply with the requirements of the NPDES permit that governs the RTF. The computer model provided a mechanism to perform the assessment of the most cost-effective and feasible means for implementing system improvement to reduce the number and volume of CSO. The improvements to the system were accomplished by additional storage of CSO, removal of storm water inputs to the RTF, and improvements to maximize the use of the existing interceptor system.
The analysis of the RTF and proposed improvements was conducted with respect to the state regulatory agency, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (MDEQ) presumption approach for "adequate treatment." MDEQ defines its presumptive "adequate treatment" criteria as total capture of the 1-y, 1-h storm event and 30-min detention (for settling, skimming, and disinfection) of the 10-y, 1-h storm event.

Hydrodynamic Modeling of a Stormwater Pond for Optimal Sizing and Effectiveness
 Ray Dewey, Robert Flindall, David Crichton
 Reference Data:
Chapter 16 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999.
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 263-282
ABSTRACT
A two-dimensional, vertically averaged hydrodynamic model has been adapted to compute the circulation and sedimentation patterns in stormwater detention ponds or other water impoundment facilities. This model is an improvement over the existing plug flow models based on a series of constantly stirred tank reactors (CSTR) that cannot predict circulation patterns in ponds and reservoirs. The Circulation and Water Quality Model (CWQM) can identify areas in the pond where short-circuiting and dead zones occur. Sedimentation, based on first-order decay, can be predicted. The sedimentation model is applied to an existing stormwater pond, and agreement was found between the predicted suspended solids (SS) concentration at the outlet and monitored outlet concentrations. Application of the model for evaluating a stormwater pond retrofit design is described below.

SWMM Storage-Treatment for Analysis/Design of Extended-Detention Ponds
 Thomas L. Newman II, Tarig A. Omer and Eugene D. Driscoll
 Reference Data:
Chapter 17 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999.
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 283-302
ABSTRACT
This chapter describes the application of the Storage-Treatment (S-T) Block of the EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) to design and/or analyze extended-detention ponds (EDPs) for the reduction of pollutant loads from storm-water runoff. SWMM simulation results, supported with simple spreadsheet models, are presented to illustrate the influence of design features on expected pollutant-removal efficiency of this popular best-management practice (BMP). Important insights on the operational characteristics of EDPs are also provided, based on sensitivity analyses that were performed to evaluate certain alternative design features in actual case studies. The importance of this refined method for EDP design is emphasized with examples of how the use of common rules of thumb or guidelines from best management practice (BMP) manuals could result in unexpectedly poor EDP performance.

Feasibility of a Permeable Pavement Option in SWMM for Long-term Continuous Modeling
 Craig W. Kipkie and William James
 Reference Data:
Chapter 18 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999.
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 303-324
ABSTRACT
With increasing concern for the natural environment, current practices in stormwater management planning have moved away from traditional applications such as detention as a means of quantity control, towards techniques that combine both quantity and quality control. These techniques lower stormwater runoff volumes, recharge groundwater and mitigate the transportation of contaminants. One such type of management practice is installation of permeable pavement.
The purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of code for the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) to allow planners and designers to simulate the responses of permeable pavements in long-term modeling applications. The infiltration capacity of the porous pavement was determined from past studies, and takes into account degradation over time and regeneration by mechanical means.

Incorporation and Testing of Revised Algorithms for the Aquatic Plant Growth Model, ECOL
 Alison G. Humphries and William James
 Reference Data:
Chapter 19 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999.
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 325-352
ABSTRACT
Growth of aquatic plants growth in river systems responds to phosphorus enrichment and creates fluctuations in dissolved oxygen. Most aquatic plant models simulate the growth of a single generalized specie and therefore cannot account for the wide variability in growth patterns shown by differing species. ECOL, an aquatic plant growth model developed in the late 1970s, was incorporated into the Grand River Simulation Model (GRSM) to model the growth of the three main plant species found in the Grand River watershed: Cladophora glomerata, Potamogeton pectinatus and Myriophyllum spicatum. ECOL calculates plant uptake of phosphorus, biomass production and loss, and the resulting production and consumption of dissolved oxygen (DO), using a 2 h time step.
New algorithms to improve the sub-models in ECOL for light, temperature and phosphorus were developed and tested in this study. The present work evaluated and corrected sources of error in GRSM96, recalibrated the improved model and identified and quantified remaining weaknesses. The resulting model, GRSM98AH, has an average error between computed and observed DO of 19.6%, which was regarded as satisfactory.

Connecting Pipes and Plants: Concurrent Hydrodynamic Simulation of the Hydraulic Performance of a Collection System and a Wastewater Treatment Plant
 Christopher J. W. Ward, Steven Chan, Faruk Kharadi, and Philip Gray
 Reference Data:
Chapter 20 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999.
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 353-378
ABSTRACT
The City of Edmonton’s Gold Bar Wastewater Treatment Plant (GBWWTP) is at the downstream end of a collection system servicing approximately 634,000 people plus industrial and commercial areas. The plant has a relatively flat hydraulic profile, such that the effluent weir on the primary tanks is 0.23 m above the invert of the incoming conduit. The effluent weir on the secondary clarifiers is only 0.38 m below the primary tank weir.
To understand and evaluate the hydraulic relationship between the upstream collection systems and the GBWWTP a detailed hydraulic model of GBWWTP was developed and included as part of the collection system hydraulic model. The hydraulic model was constructed using the Danish Hydraulic Institute MOUSE model using approximately 150 elements to describe the various treatment and conveyance processes. This included grit tanks, screens, primary settling basins, bypasses, secondary aeration basins, secondary clarifiers, ultra violet disinfection, and outfall to the river. The combined collection and treatment plant model was used to simulate alternative flows scenarios to and through the treatment plant as part of a City wide CSO Strategy. Alternatives evaluated include increased pipe capacity in the downstream portions of the conveyance system, increased conduit capacity into the GBWWTP, and pressurized flow in the conveyance system.

Update on EPA’s Urban Watershed Management Branch Modeling Activities
Richard N. Koustas
 Reference Data:
Chapter 21 in:
Applied Modeling of Urban Water Systems, Monograph 8 in the Series, Proceedings of the Conference on Stormwater and Urban Water Systems Modeling, Toronto, Ontario, February 18-19, 1999. xiv + 461 pp.
James, William, 1937- , Editor
Compiled and published by CHI, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
International Standard Book Number 0-9683681-3-1
CHI Catalog Number: R206
Pp 379-388
ABSTRACT
The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Research and Development (ORD) Urban Watershed Management Branch (UWMB) has identified an approach for urban modeling research that includes two major objectives: to develop a standard operating procedure for the user community and to develop a BASINS-compatible Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) - Geographical Information System (GIS) interface. To achieve this, UWMB is currently involved with several stormwater modeling projects. This chapter provides the SWMM-user community with a description of the UWMB approach to urban watershed modeling research and provides an update on current ORD SWMM-related projects.

Editor, Reviewers, and Authors photographs
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Programs and Models
SI-US Unit Conversion
Index

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